Medical Drugs And Their Uses
Sometimes it seems like there are more medicines than there are diseases, and it can be hard to keep them straight. Some can be bought over the counter at pharmacies or other stores. Others require a doctor's prescription. Some are available only in hospitals. What Are Medicines? Medicines are chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease; ease symptoms; or help in the diagnosis of illnesses.
Advances in medicines have enabled doctors to cure many diseases and save lives. These days, medicines come from a variety of sources. Many were developed from substances found in nature, and even today many are extracted from plants. Some medicines are made in labs by mixing together a number of chemicals. Others, like penicillin, are byproducts of organisms such as fungus. And a few are even biologically engineered by inserting genes into bacteria that make them produce the desired substance. When we think about taking medicines, we often think of pills.
But medicines can be delivered in many ways, such as: • liquids that are swallowed • drops that are put into ears or eyes • creams, gels, or ointments that are rubbed onto the skin • inhalers (like nasal sprays or asthma inhalers) • patches that are stuck to skin (called transdermal patches) • tablets that are placed under the tongue (called sublingual medicines; the medicine is absorbed into blood vessels and enters the bloodstream) • injections (shots) or intravenous (inserted into a vein) medicines No medicine can be sold unless it has first been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The makers of the medicine do tests on all new medicines and send the results to the FDA.
The FDA allows new medicines to be used only if they work and if they are safe enough. When a medicine's benefits outweigh its known risks, the FDA usually approves the sale of the drug. The FDA can withdraw a medicine from the market at any time if it later is found to cause harmful side effects.
Different Types of Medicines Medicines act in a variety of ways. Some can cure an illness by killing or halting the spread of invading germs, such as bacteria and viruses. Others are used to treat cancer by killing cells as they divide or preventing them from multiplying. Some drugs replace missing substances or correct low levels of natural body chemicals such as some hormones or vitamins.
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Medicines can even affect parts of the nervous system that control a body process. Nearly everyone has taken an antibiotic. This type of medicine fights bacterial infections. Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for things like or an ear infection.
Antibiotics work either by killing bacteria or halting their multiplication so that the body's immune system can fight off the infection. Sometimes a part of the body can't make enough of a chemical. That can also make you sick. Someone with insulin-dependent diabetes, for instance, has a pancreas that can't produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates glucose in the body). Some people have a low production of thyroid hormone, which helps control how the body uses energy.
In each case, doctors can prescribe medicines to replace the missing hormone. Some medicines treat symptoms but can't cure the illness that causes the symptoms. (A symptom is anything you feel while you're sick, such as a cough or nausea.) So taking a lozenge may soothe a sore throat, but it won't kill that nasty strep bacteria.
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Medical Drugs And Their Uses Pdf
Some medicines relieve pain. Intel pentium e5400 specs. If you pull a muscle, your doctor might tell you to take ibuprofen or acetaminophen. These, or analgesics, don't get rid of the source of the pain — your muscle will still be pulled. What they do is block the pathways that transmit pain signals from the injured or irritated body part to the brain (in other words, they affect the way the brain reads the pain signal) so that you don't hurt as much while your body recovers. As people get older, they sometimes develop chronic or long-term conditions. Medicines can help control things like or high cholesterol. These drugs don't cure the underlying problem, but they can help prevent some of its body-damaging effects over time.